Erectile Dysfunction
Priapism

Priapism is a persistent, usually painful, erection that lasts for more than four hours and occurs without sexual stimulation. The condition develops when blood in the penis becomes trapped and unable to drain. If the condition is not treated immediately, it can lead to scarring and permanent erectile dysfunction.

It can occur in all age groups, including newborns. However, it usually affects boys between the ages of 5-10 years and men between the ages of 20-50 years.

There are two categories of priapism: low-flow and high-flow.

Low-flow: This type of priapism is the result of blood being trapped in the erection chambers. It often occurs without a known cause in men who are otherwise healthy, but also affects men with sickle-cell disease, leukemia (cancer of the blood), or malaria.
High-flow: High-flow priapism is more rare than low-flow and usually less painful. It is the result of a ruptured artery from an injury to the penis or the perineum (area between the scrotum and anus), which prevents blood in the penis from circulating normally.
What Causes Priapism?

Sickle cell anemia: Some adult cases of priapism are the result of sickle-cell disease. Approximately 42% of adults with sickle-cell disease will eventually develop priapism.
Medications: A common cause of priapism is the use and/or misuse of medications. Drugs that may cause priapism include Desyrel, used to treat depression, or Thorazine, used to treat certain mental illnesses. For people who have erectile dysfunction, injection therapy medications to treat the condition may also cause priapism.
Other causes of priapism include:

Trauma to the spinal cord or genital area
Black widow spider bites
Carbon monoxide poisoning
Illicit drug use, such as marijuana and cocaine
In rare cases, priapism may be related to cancers that can affect the penis and prevent the outflow of blood.

How Is Priapism Diagnosed?

If you experience priapism, it is important that you seek medical care immediately. Tell your doctor:

The length of time you have had the erection
How long your erections usually last
Any medication or drugs, legal or illegal, which you have used. Be honest with your doctor, illegal drug use is particularly relevant since both marijuana and cocaine have been linked to priapism.
Whether or not priapism followed trauma to that area of the body.
Your doctor will review your medical history and perform a thorough physical examination to determine the cause of priapism. This will include checking the rectum and the abdomen for evidence of unusual growths or abnormalities that may indicate the presence of cancer.

After the physical exam is complete, the doctor will take a blood-gas measurement of the blood from the penis. During this test, a small needle is placed in the penis, blood is drawn, then is sent to a lab for analysis. This tells how long the condition has been present and how much damage has occurred.

How Is Priapism Treated?

The goal of all treatment is to make the erection go away and preserve future erectile function. If a person receives treatment within four to six hours, the erection can almost always be reduced with medication. If the erection has lasted less than four hours, decongestant medications, which may act to decease blood flow to the penis, may be very helpful. Other treatment options include:

Ice packs: Ice applied to the penis and perineum may reduce swelling.
Surgical ligation: Used in cases where an artery has been ruptured, the doctor will ligate (tie off) the artery that is causing the priapism in order to restore normal blood flow.
Intracavernous injection: Used for low-flow priapism, during this treatment drugs known as alpha-agonists are injected into the penis. This causes the veins to narrow, reducing blood flow to the penis and easing swelling to the area.
Surgical shunt: Also used for low-flow priapism, a shunt is a passageway that is surgically inserted into the penis to divert the blood flow and allow circulation to return to normal.
Aspiration: After numbing the penis, doctors will insert a needle and drain blood from the penis to reduce pressure and swelling.
If you suspect that you are experiencing priapism, you should not attempt to treat it yourself. Instead, seek emergency care as soon as possible.

What Is the Outlook for People With Priapism?

As long as treatment is prompt, the outlook for most people is very good. However, the longer medical attention is delayed, the greater the risk of permanent erectile dysfunction.

Reviewed by the doctors at the Glickman Urological Institute at The Cleveland Clinic.

Edited by Charlotte Grayson, MD, WebMD, May 2004
Portions of this page © The Cleveland Clinic 2000-2004

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